However, Slovenian grammatical gender try completely grammaticalized that can or may well not overlap having biological sex

In addition to the masculine suffix -ec, which had been aforementioned by Vidovic-Muha (), the research and additionally describes the fresh Slovenian masculine suffix -ar

The original the main papers is all about new derivation out of female and male nouns to own professions in English and you may Slovenian. The study means that the dominant particular female nouns for the both dialects relates to derivation via affixation, if you are English also features compounding. Masculinatives try unusual in both languages; he is mainly formed when considering professions that have been usually experienced an element of the women industries. New suffix is not active but could nevertheless be found in the phrase babicar (‘male midwife’). The utmost effective difference between the two languages is the fact latest English appears to be abandoning the effective use of gender-designated versions (apart from the fresh new rare feminatives one remain), while inside the Slovenian, as the confirmed by corpus data, the application of feminatives is rising. The reason behind that it asymmetry try rooted in the reality that English enjoys a virtually low-existent grammatical gender system, and in most cases uses a similar terms to spell it out a good male or female involved in a specific job. Hence, in the case of female referents the utilization of women nouns happens to be well-known, due to the fact access to masculine simple jatka sivustoa models is on the latest refuse.

The corpus data shows that the difference between masculine and you may feminine nouns to possess professions are best revealed because of the exploring its collocators, semantic choices, and you will semantic relationships (Sinclair 1996 and you can Philip 2010).

Slovenian nouns denoting disciplines keeps obvious referents regarding gender, in addition to their modern have fun with – confirmed into the corpora – suggests a clear inclination towards the arrangement ranging from grammatical and you will physiological genders

The fresh new collocators out-of English masculine and feminine nouns into tested specialities (actress/star, policewoman/cop within the waiter/waiter) suggests that it display some semantic environments: associated professions; locations and you can surroundings associated with the occupation; personal labels; words detailing the caliber of what they do; together with regular procedures for the job. Specific particular associative meanings are shown if we check new collocators describing human traits and appearance. The new feminatives commonly co-exist that have words to own stereotypically women characteristics and you may personality (and additionally sexual

connotations). This will be according to Caldas-Coulthard and you will Moon (2010), just who identify including asymmetries with stereotypes of gender, sexualization of females, and as we age and you will actions.

Slovenian male/female pairs to possess specialities inform you comparable conclusions. Out-of semantic liking, we are able to to see phrases connected with typical procedures; normal towns and land; associated disciplines; characteristics; and appearance. Yet the corpus research in addition to let you know specific high distinctions. New sets away from Slovenian male and you will women nouns referring to specialities will be divided into several teams. The original one constitutes sets which can be semantically equivalent and you can stylistically un), since sets on the 2nd class try susceptible to (a level of) semantic narrowing and you will stylistic establishing.

A prototype on first group ‘s the couples zdravnica/zdravnik (‘female/male doctor’), all of that can co-occur with expressions referring to the sort of works, regular procedures and related specialities. The female nouns this kind of sets are stylistically unmarked. The same end are achieved towards the pairs sodnica/sodnik (‘female/men judge’) and you will vzgojiteljica/vzgojitelj (‘female/male preschool teacher’), however with good caveat. The type of the two sodnica/sodnik convergence about industries out-of rules and you can athletics; yet not, the details along with echo the social reputation of one’s career – the initial ranking (e.grams., constitutional judges) remain mainly reserved for males. The pair vzgojiteljica/vzgojitelj can be defined as an excellent borderline circumstances between noted and you will unmarked definition. This new corpus investigation highly recommend an amount of semantic narrowing and you will stylistic marking: the definition away from “professor in the a student dorm” makes reference to guys, just like the usage of adjectives (patient feminine and you will rigorous men) items to gender stereotyping.

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